Voices of an Emerging Nation free essay sample

Based on the readings In this unit, what do the readings In this unit reveal about diversity within the new nation? use at least three specific examples from the reading selections. Your answer should be at least one complete paragraph. Answer: The readings In this unit reveal the diversity within the new nation about American Independence. In Thomas Paines Common Sense, he is arguing for American Independence, and a government rule. Paine says that the governments sole purpose Is to protect life, liberty, and property. Paine also says that people will be appier if theyre responsible for the creation of the laws that rule them. In The Declaration of Independence it talks about the necessity of the colonists overthrowing their rulers and establishing themselves as their own separate nation. (15 points) Score 2. Throughout history, literature has been used as a form of protest. Choose two selections from this unit and explain why they can be thought of as protest literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Voices of an Emerging Nation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discuss each selection in Its own complete paragraph. Answer: Thomas Paines Common Sense can be thought of as protest literature because Paine is arguing for American Independence and government rule. Government according to Paine is, an Institution whose sole purpose is to protect us from our own vices. , also, to protect life, liberty, and property. This means that the government is put in place to protect us. Paine believed that people would be happier if they were responsible for the laws that rule them. Through the reading, Paine Is trying to convince the people that a government is a profitable and necessary thing. Thomas Paines The American Crisis can also be thought of as a protest literature. Olaudah Equiano was a slave that had een one since age 1 1 _ When he got to the age of 21 his owner allowed him to buy himself off of slavery, and he is telling me in this story about how he felt about being a slave was very horrible for example he said that when he was 1 lyrs old he was under the deck of the ship with many slaves and he describes how crowded It was, hot and many slaves were getting diseases. 30 points) 3. What are some values that are Important to the people who live and work In the new nation? List at least three values and illustrate their importance with evidence from at least three readings. Discuss each example in its own complete paragraph.

A Draft U.S. Plan on Iraq Inspection Authorizes Force essays

A Draft U.S. Plan on Iraq Inspection Authorizes Force essays The Bush Administration has drafted a plan for inspections that provides for unrestricted access to all sited in Iraq, including Saddam Husseins presidential compounds and palaces. Also authorities the use of military force if Baghdad interferes with what the United States is going to do A U.S. official says if we find anything in what they give us that is not true, that is the trigger. The plan which American and British officials are presenting is to declare that Iraq is already violating its obligations to the United Nations. Iraq also needs to put the ownership on Saddam Hussein to comply. Saddam has a seven-day deadline to accept and declare all his weapons of mass destruction, and 23 more days to open site and provide documents to support this declaration. It appears that France, China and Russia who also have say in this are not supportive of force towards Iraq. They feel that military action should not be used. There was a provision of resolution in 1998 called 1154, which s tated that Iraq had to be notified before inspecting presidential sites and they were to have diplomats in their company when inspected. This new plan would override resolution 1154. I think we have to do something to find out what kind of mass destruction Iraq is capable of but I do not believe we should have to use military force and go to war. Too many people would be hurt and a lot of lives could be killed. I know that some how we need to stop Saddam Hussein but Im not sure how. I do not understand how anyone could be so sick and destructive as a man like Saddam Hussein. I hope the United States can find a way to prevent mass destruction and war because are world will be crushed if something of that notion happens. There is enough disease and death and sadness in life already without people risking others lives for no good reason. ...

THE DOLMAN HOTEL Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE DOLMAN HOTEL Case Study - Essay Example The Dolman is being operated by David Mannering whose expertise is in financial management. David might be very good in his field but managing an organisation such as a hotel is different. This is probably the reason why the policies at Dolman do not seem to be appropriate for their staff. Another factor that imposes a problem is having David's personal assistant look after personnel administration. In short, the organisation did not have a skilled HR manager to handle the hotel's human resources. This is the reason why a lot of employees at Dolman were having problems and issues. The organisation does not have clear policies on their human resources which affected the staff turnover and the service that the employees provide the customers. As a business advisor specialising in Human Resource Management, I have to find ways to resolve these issues in the company. I will look for alternatives that might be helpful in solving the organisation's problems and implement the appropriate policies in the areas of flexible working, internet recruitment, selecting and inducting people with the right skills, staff retention, and the involvement and participation of staff at The Dolman. Fluctuating demand and supply of labour may impose a problem in an organisation if they are not handled properly. Some employees might find it hard to balance their family life and work. Sometimes, this results to frequent staff turnover and loss of employees. However, there are still a lot of ways that can be done to manage this problem. One of them is flexible working. According to Hewitt (2007), "allowing people to work in a sensible way that allows them to balance earning a living with looking after their children is not only good for families and children, it is good for business too." There are different types of flexible working and some of them might be very useful for The Dolman. One type of flexible working is Part-time working where in the employee can work less than the standard working hours (BusinessLink). This can be useful in the organisation because it will allow their workers to spend more time with their private lives whenever it is needed. Through this, employees will be satisfied with their jobs and will perform in the workplace effectively. Flexi-time is also one of the most implemented flexible working in the U.K.(NHS 2005) where the employee is given the right to change their working time as long as it is outside the set core of hours set by the employer. It also allows employees to arrive early or finish late or the other way around (European foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions 2007). The Dolman can benefit to this because this HRP is capable of reducing absenteeism (Salix software ltd). With flexi-time, it is easier for the employees to accommodate their personal needs so they won't have to leave their job due to family matters and other personal things. The organisation can also benefit in terms of revenues because it can extend its opening hours which will allow them to cater to more customers. However, this will not be a burden to the company since employees are still required to be present during the core time or the peak hours of the business. Another HRP on flexible working that might be helpful on The Dolman is self-rostering where employees choose the shifts they would prefer. With this, the employee is able to give

Importance of Communication to Criminal Justice Professionals Essay - 1

Importance of Communication to Criminal Justice Professionals - Essay Example Barriers to effective communication as well as probable solutions have also been identified. Communication can either be verbal or nonverbal. Verbal communication uses the spoken language to convey a particular message. It can be used to respond to verbal or nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication does not involve speaking. Rather, it employs the use of signs and gestures to convey information. It involves extensive use of the body organs in communication. There are various components of communication. These include; the source of information, the message or the information itself, the method or the channel through which the information will reach the recipient, the recipient as well as the feed back of the information. All these are significant in the communication between professionals in the criminal justice and also between them and their clients. In order for accused persons to be judged of a certain crime, the professionals need to analyze and evaluate the in formation provided by the accused or the aggrieved. Effective communication becomes essential in order for the parties involved to understand the matters and make an informed decision. The process of communication is vital in the criminal justice. It should present all the involved parties with a chance to put forward complaints or defense regarding particular cases. Professionals in criminal justice should offer assistance depending on the information provided by the victim. Sharing of information is important in order for each and every player to understand his or her role in the process. The process involves sharing information from one level to another (Casey 2000). The components of communication are significant in this process since the judge highly depends on them to make the evaluation. The prosecutor presents his/her information against the accused who is also supposed to be effective in communicating in defense. The second most important component is the message or

Psychology article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology article summary - Essay Example This is an important source of physiological stress for them because of the risk for dehydration. So the two experiments here rely on the toads sensitivity for detecting the composition of fluids around him and the stress it feels when conditions arent suitable for it- which leads to changes in both his heart rate and in its attempts to avoid these conditions and run away. Researchers therefore used an amount of sodium chloride which neither caused the toads to gain weight or loss weight, to create a "neutral" situation and then test their responses. A pilot experiment showed an increase in the heart rate of toads, which is important to set off their attempts to flee the environment. It used two solutions, one was good for the toads and the other wasnt. This technique was also good to evaluate the functional significance of conditioning (like in Pavlovs experiment with the dogs) in the context of water balance. During the experiment, researchers put the toads in Plexiglas cages, added water, changed the chemical composition of the water and lastly drained the tank. Toads were either put with another toad in the tank or placed there alone. There were mostly insignificant differences between the groups, but one significant find was that the toads placed with another toad in a tank learned to expect the reinforcement better. The toads showed learning abilities, as they anticipated the changes in water composition after it was done to them several times. Their anticipation could be witnessed by their increased heart rate. They managed to avoid losing weight almost as well as the toads never exposed to the different solution in the water. This experiment added another feature- an added compartment in the Plexiglas tank in which there was no altered solution. The toads could escape there to avoid being in contact with the solution. The results showed that all toads showed a consistent weight loss and did learn to avoid being in

Geopolitics and International Affairs

Geopolitics and International Affairs Geopolitics and International Affairs â€Å"What are the key factors in contemporary redistributions of Geopolitical Power?† The Encyclopaedia Britannica describes Geopolitics as â€Å"analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations† (2010); therefore Geopolitical Power is the power certain nations have over other nations, based upon Geographic influences and advantages. Across the world the geographies of power shift from nation to nation over time (such as the shift in power from Britain to the USA after WWII) and the hegemonic structure has a huge effect on world dynamics such economy, politics, society and culture. The nation with the most power tends to have the greatest influence over these and other factors. Currently, and in recent years there has been a notable rise in power from nations in the geographic east (most notably China) simultaneous to the apparent decline in power by the worlds current top geopolitical power (the USA). This is raising serious questions as to the future of the current hegemonic structure. There are a number of key factors which are driving this shift in power and here I aim to address and analyse these so that I may answer the question â€Å"What are the key factors in contemporary redistributions of Geopolitical Power?† The USA is currently the worlds dominant geopolitical power and has been since World War II. According to Fareed Zakaria (2008) â€Å"the United States [unrivalled economic status] has lasted more than 120 years† and that â€Å"The US economy has been the worlds largest since the middle of the 1880s†. As of 2008, The CIA World Fact book ranks the USA as having the highest GDP/PPP of any individual nation (The EU is ranked higher than the USA but is technically a united group of countries) which stands at $14,440,000,000,000; around double that of the next country on the list, China (CIA, 2008). In 2004 James F. Hoge, author of ‘A Global Power Shift in the Making (2004) explained that â€Å"Chinas economy is growing at more than nine percent annually† and that â€Å"Chinas economy is expected to be double the size of Germanys by 2010 and to overtake Japans, currently the worlds second largest, by 2020†. To put Chinas rapid growth into perspective in 2 010, its GDP has already overtaken that of Germanys, with economic spectators forecasting Chinas economy to outstrip Japans this year- 10 years prior to Hoges 2004 prediction. However, the economy of a nation may be an important indicator of world power, but is by no means the sole factor in determining hegemonic status; the USA is still dominant for other reasons. Military strength is- and always has been- one of the key ways of determining the power of a nation. The ‘Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) cited the USA as having a military expenditure in 2008 which amounted to $607,263,000,000, accounting for 41.5% of the worlds total military spending (SIPRI, 2009). Military strength provides a nation with the means of physically exercising its geopolitical power over other nations, and the USA currently dominates land, sea and air with its military presence. China may be a growing militant power and have a larger army in terms of personnel, however its military expenditure is a fraction of the USAs; and one must also take into account the sheer size of the population in China which explains the high numbers of active servicemen in the country. Both countries currently have a nuclear capability, which during the Cold War was â€Å"widely seen as a necessary qualification for a seat at the top table†. This is no longer the case and now the possession or development of nuclear weapons is deemed unacceptable behaviour (Hurrell, 2006). This is an example of how the factors of determining Geopolitical power change over time. The demographics of a nation are also of vital importance to its development and changes in population structure can have dramatic effects within both developing and developed nations. As of the 13th Jan 2010, the population of the USA is around 308,478,201, (United States official population clock, 2010) whilst the population of China is around 1,335,035,010 (Chinese official population clock, 2010) over 1 billion more than the USA. This is a vital factor in explaining why China has been experiencing such rapid growth in the past decade. Firstly, a large population means more people spending money, which raises the countrys GDP- China is currently the worlds second largest consumer behind the USA (Zakaria, 2008 [2]). In the current economic climate with recession still looming over many nations, it is important for the general population to keep spending in order to stimulate the economy; in China, this is no issue due to the huge numbers of people. This is why China, and Asia in general, has not been so greatly affected by the ‘global recession as the USA and Europe. A population of this size also provides China with a huge number of people of working age to power the worlds largest manufacturing industry, as well as other important areas of industry from banking (to lead China through this economic shift) to farming (to feed the vast numbers of people living in the country). China is so competitive on the international scene due to its vast labour force. However, it is the structure of a population which is really vital in determining the future power of a nation. An ageing population can put a strain on the relatively smaller working age population due to the cost of providing health care, pensions, housing, etc. A youthful population puts strain on education and health services, food supplies; and can result in too a lack of jobs in the future. Both have their issues, but both also have benefits. Japan for example has the worlds largest ageing population with 12.1% aged 65 and over in 2000, with a predicted rise to 26.2% by 2020 (Anderson, Hussey. 2000). Japan is now experiencing deep demographic issues with the working age population being too small to support the large elderly population, and the birth rate continually falling; having implications to the development of the country which has experienced declining power over the past 2 decades. There is a well known phrase that ‘children are the future and this wisdom is heeded particularly well in the USA. Whilst China may have a huge workforce, they are relatively uneducated. The USA prides itself upon the fact that its education system is so highly regarded, having a high output of skilled workers graduating from its prestigious universities every year. According to Zakaria (2008 [2]) â€Å"America trains more high-quality 4 year engineering graduates per capita than any other country† with â€Å"Eight of the top 10 universities in the worldin the United States†. This is why when visiting many US (and European) higher education facilities it is easy to notice the high proportion of Asian (particularly Chinese) students, as these institutions offer a far higher standard of education than would be available in Asia. These Asian students typically stay in America after they have completed their education due to more job prospects with a better rate of pa y than available back home, so are a vital resource to the country. Americas acquisition and prolonged control of power can largely be thanked to the younger generations who have been educated by US education facilities and gone on to create a huge pool of skilled and talented workers. These workers drive the economic industries of the US, whilst their high expenditure on commodities and consumer goods helps fuel growth of its GDP. Many people believe that China is the sole competitor to the USA for hegemonic status, believing that eventually China will overtake America as the sole dominant world power in terms of economy, military, culture, etc. However, others such as Fareed Zakaria (2008 [2]) believe that â€Å"the rise of rest† is far more likely; meaning that power will become dispersed amongst a number of powerful nations under America so that global decisions will no longer be made from one side of the globe. The countries believed to be the main competitors to this state of uni-multipolarity are those referred to as BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China. Uni-multipolarity will be the resulting situation whereby the US is still the superpower, but with these BRIC countries having much more participation in world affairs than they have done in the current uni-polar (US dominant) geopolitical structure. This shift in power may come as a shock to America and there is likely to be resistance of some sort from the west, although it is very unlikely that the US will lose its dominance so it should look to facilitate the transition of geopolitical power to make this inevitability happen as smoothly as possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, GF; Hussey, P (2000) Population aging: a comparison among industrialized countries. Health Affairs. [Online] Vol 19. No. 3. Sections 191 203. Available from: http://healthaff.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/19/3/191.pdf (Last accessed 13th Jan 2010) CIA (2010). The World Fact Book: Country Comparison GDP. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=United%20StatescountryCode=usregionCode=narank=2#us (Last accessed 11th Jan 2010) CPIRC (2010). Chinese official population clock. http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp (Last accessed 13th Jan 2010) Encyclopaedia Britannica Online (2010). Geopolitics [Online] Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229932/geopolitics (Last accessed 11th Jan 2010) Hoge, J (2004). A Global Power Shift in the Making. Foreign Affairs. [Online] Vol. 83, No. 4. Pg 2-7. Available from: http://asr2.myweb.uga.edu/Fall%202004/Readings/Global%20power%20shift%20in%20the%20making.pdf (Last accessed 13th Jan 2010) Hurrell, A (2006). Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers? International Affairs. [Online] Vol 82, No. 1. Pg 1-19. Available from: http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/pdf/international_affairs_2006.pdf (Last accessed 13th Jan 2010) SIPRI (2009).The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database: USA. Available from: http://milexdata.sipri.org/result.php4 (Last accessed 11th Jan 2010) U.S Census Bureau (2010). United States official population clock. http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html (Last accessed 13th Jan 2010) Zakaria, F (2008). The Future of American Power: How America can survive the rise of the rest. Foreign Affairs. Available from: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63394/fareed-zakaria/the-future-of-american-power (Last accessed 11th Jan 2010) Zakaria, F (2008) [2]. The Post American World. [Online] Available from: http://www.cnl.com/documents/Post-American%20World.pdf (last accessed 13th Jan 2010)

Tennyson’s The Lady of Shalott Essay -- Tennyson Lady Shalott essays

Tennyson’s The Lady of Shalott What used to be a simple home is now a sacred sanctuary, a refuge from all the filth of the world, a place to trap and stifle beauty, adventure, and passion. What used to be a simple woman is now an angel, a pure and domestic celestial being. I live in an era where women are considered most beautiful when isolated, helpless, and even dead; where a lady with passion is scarier than a bitter hag; where feminine is now a synonym for pure, selfless, and submissive; where sexism has put on the fancy dress of romance. And Alfred, Lord Tennyson is a man of his era, grabbing romantic sexism by the hand and enchantingly twirling her around the dance floor. Tennyson’s poem The Lady of Shalott has created a great tension within me, within my mind and heart. He plays into the public’s hands, trapping a beauty in a high tower and keeping her there with the threat of a curse: There she weaves by night and day A magic web with colors gay. She has heard a whisper say, A curse is on her if she stay To look down to Camelot. She know not what the curse may be, And so she weaveth steadily, A little other care hath she, The Lady of Shalott. Not only is she trapped and isolated, but also this lady sits weaving, apparently cheerful and content. Protected, pure, even angelic she sings her melodies and weaves and weaves. A beautiful woman weaving in her faraway room, only seeing the world through shadows and reflections: Tennyson pitifully feeds off of stifling social expectations, weaved deep into our culture (with frail Snow White laying helplessly poisoned in a glass case and with dear Repunzel combing her long hair in a high fortress†¦in a land far, far away). In other words, at the beginning o... ... not trying to say anything as much as he is capturing the national mood and developing languages and images that haunt, move, and affect. At some point writers, readers, characters, and people must put aside their intentions and desires for social criticism and take part in the magic, even if it isn’t the wisest choice. I must refer one last time to my own writing as Jane brilliantly describes this unwise, tension-filled, passionate choice: I looked, and had an acute pleasure in looking—a precious yet poignant pleasure; pure gold, with a steely point of agony: a pleasure like what the thirst-perishing man might feel who knows the well to which he has crept is poisoned, yet stoops and drinks divine draughts nevertheless. (173) So sing on talented Tennyson. I’ll sway to the rhythm of your music. Bibbity, bobbity, boo. †¦and they lived happily ever after.

Working Poor

The Struggle of the Working Poor Revised Essay Sociology 113 Yvonne Barney October 19, 2012 The Struggle of the Working Poor Society often describes the impoverished with one word, lazy. Society has taught us that if a person wants to be financially successful, it is a simple process of education and hard work that will equate to a successful income. This is the American dream. If the impoverished simply would get a job instead of being lazy, they would not need to rely on programs like welfare. The impoverished would succeed if they only would apply themselves.However, in an attempt to present another point of view, The Working Poor Invisible in America by David K. Shipler (2004) explored multiple variables this group struggles with daily. Chapter 1, â€Å"Money and Its Opposite,† explains the workings and effects of tax payments and refunds, the abuse of the poor by public and private institutions, the spending habits of the working poor, the consumerist culture of the Unite d States, and the omnipresence of money as a guiding factor in the lives of the working poor.Chapter 2, â€Å"Work Doesn’t Work,† chronicles the struggles of three working women as they attempt to climb out of poverty through employment. They hold jobs that pay between $6 and $7 per hour and attempt to eke out a living with the additional assistance of welfare checks, food stamps, Medicaid, and other services. However, a slight raise in their pay creates an offsetting loss in benefits. Chapter 3, â€Å"Importing the Third World,† addresses the poor immigrant workers, both legal as well as illegal, laboring in sweatshop conditions in the United States.Shipler recounts the working conditions of numerous sewing shops in Los Angeles, where legal and illegal immigrants from Mexico, Honduras, Korea, Vietnam, Ethiopia, Thailand, Cambodia, and other nations work for wages below the federal minimum wage and without overtime pay. Chapter 4, â€Å"Harvest of Shame,† tells of the harsh living conditions of migrant farm workers across the United States. They receive low wages—mostly minimum wage; live in deplorable housing; are exposed to azardous pesticides and herbicides; face little government enforcement of labor laws; are difficult to organize due to the transient nature of their work and the undocumented status of most; and are constantly on the move, which does not allow their children stable access to education. Chapter 5, â€Å"The Daunting Workplace,† addresses the diverse challenges the workplace holds for those from the lower rungs of the socioeconomic ladder. Many working poor have no work experience, no education, a criminal record, a drug addiction, and a lifelong absence of role models.Dysfunctional families in which no one works, or even ventures outside the neighborhood, have provided no support system or role models. Chapter 6, â€Å"The Sins of the Fathers,† begins by unveiling an epidemic of sexual abuse that affects all classes and races in the United States. Both the wealthy and the poor are abused; however, the wealthy tend to have the financial as well as the family resources that enable them to overcome abuse. Chapter 7, â€Å"Kinship,† emphasizes the role that kinship plays in overcoming the hardships of poverty.Shipler writes, â€Å"Kinship can blunt the edge of economic adversity† (p. 179). He describes a family of five that has faced all forms of hardship and poverty—from job loss to cancer to the death of the mother—yet holds together through bonds of love and caring. He also chronicles the story of a woman who chose to earn significantly less and be plunged into poverty and debt in order to spend time with her children, one of whom eventually attended Dartmouth College. Chapter 8, â€Å"Body and Mind,† addresses health issues affecting poor families.Shipler mentions malnourishment, susceptibility to infections, disease, chronic conditio ns (such as asthma, diabetes, and allergies), premature birth, retarded cognitive and physical development, stress, and emotional distress, as well as material support that can help a family endure. It is not uncommon for children in poor families to suffer from poor diets, which can be the cause of numerous related health problems. Chapter 9, â€Å"Dreams,† begins with the ambitious professional aspirations of sixth and eighth grade children from poor families in Washington, DC.Shipler contrasts these aspirations with the enormous faced problems beyond their control. Chapter 10, â€Å"Work Works,† is dedicated to the positive impact that job training and working has had on some poor individuals and families. Job training programs that teach soft skills as well as hard skills and are successful in instilling confidence and self-esteem are appreciated by employers. Chapter 11, â€Å"Skill and Will,† emphasizes that American society must understand what it can do using the skills and resources it has to combat poverty.The approach to remedying poverty, Shipler argues, must be holistic, tackling all problems associated with it at once. The United States is often described as a place where anyone can â€Å"pick themselves up by their bootstraps† and realize the American dream of a comfortable lifestyle. But, for over 30 million Americans, this dream is no longer possible. Though we live in the richest and most powerful country in the world, there are many individuals who are living under or at the poverty level. While the United States has enjoyed unprecedented affluence, low-wage employees have been testing the American doctrine that hard work cures poverty† (Shipler, 2004). The status of poverty translates to families of four making around $ 18,850 a year. And as soon as they find work or move just slightly above the $ 18,850 a year (which is still a meager and deprived way to live), they are cut off from welfare subsistence and lose other support designed to help them, such as food stamps and health insurance; This situation often leaves them no better off, and sometimes worse off, than when they were not working.Proponents of welfare reform have verbalized that the working poor are poor because of their lack of effort and laziness; this statement is an oxymoron. The working poor work longer hours, with less pay and few, if any, benefits. Some make the right choices and save a little money, avoid overwhelming debt, and live modestly. Even for those who live carefully off a working wage, it only takes one issue for their world to crumble around them. If the car breaks down or a family member is injured at work, what little savings they have accumulated could be gone in an instant.Why do people stay poor when popular opinion tells us if we work hard, we will be okay. The answer lies in the valued social inequalities; the opportunities available to each socioeconomic status level differ greatly. One factor t hat seems to distribute over the impoverished is lack of education. Lack of knowledge affects every aspect of life from basic health care to effectively raising children in a safe and secure environment. Children who come from a working-wage family should not be disadvantaged.There is no reason why the public education system should not give every child an equal opportunity to graduate high school and continue on to college or trade schools. The fact is public schools are funded to a large degree by property taxes. Impoverished schools receive considerably less funding and have to find ways to make their budgets work. Furthermore, the best teachers are often in school districts that can offer competitive salary. It is a well-known fact that children from affluent families tend to do better in school.Children from low income families tend to do poorer on tests, have a lower graduation rate, and are less likely to attend and complete college (Melville 2012). Yet the income divide has received far less attention from policy makers and government officials than gaps in student accomplishment by race. Now, in analyses of long-term data published in recent months, researchers are finding that while the achievement gap between white and black students has narrowed significantly over the past few decades, the gap between rich and poor students has grown substantially during the same period (Levitan, Magnum & Magnum 1998). We have moved from a society in the 1950s and 1960s, in which race was more consequential than family income, to one today in which family income appears more determinative of educational success than race,† said Sean F. Reardon, a Stanford University sociologist. Professor Reardon is the author of a study that found the gap in standardized test scores between affluent and low-income students had grown by about 40 percent since the 1960s and is now double the testing gap between blacks and whites (Tavernise 2012).A-1 In another study, by resear chers from the University of Michigan, the imbalance between rich and poor children in college completion — the single most important predictor of success in the work force — has grown by about 50 percent since the late 1980s (Tavernise 2012). Tavernise (2012) concluded that 8 % of the working poor hold college degrees compared to 26% of all workers. Although, two-thirds of the working poor hold high school degrees; this proportion is much lower than the 88% of all workers who hold high school degrees.The consequence of not holding a high school degree is often poverty. 22% of workers who do not hold high school degrees fall below the official poverty level which is $23,050 for a family of four, and 34% fell below 150% of the poverty level which is $ 34, 575 for a family of four (â€Å"Problems facing† 2012) . There is some evidence that the working poor are less likely to receive job training from their employers. The combination of lower education and lack of training compared to other workers make it difficult for the working poor to climb out of poverty.Only 30% of the working poor live in married couple families, compared to 65% of all workers. Single, female-headed families are especially overrepresented among the working poor. Among the working poor, 49% live in families headed by a si ngle woman. Of those who live in families headed by a single female, 28% work but live below 150% of the poverty level. In addition, almost half (46%) of all single parents who work and have children under six years old are in poverty.Workers who were never married or those who were once married also face relatively high rates of working poverty. Twenty percent of workers who have never been married and 21% of those who were divorced, widowed, or separated lived below 150% of the poverty level (â€Å"Problems facing† 2012). The working poor are less likely to be covered by health insurance by their employers. Only 18% of the working poor are co vered by health insurance available through their employer or their union, compared to 55% of all workers.Malnourishment, susceptibility to infections, disease, chronic conditions (such as asthma, diabetes, and allergies), premature birth, retarded cognitive and physical development, stress, and emotional distress can be a side effect of lack of health insurance. It is not uncommon for children in poor families to suffer from poor diets, which can be the cause of numerous related health problems. Although many of the working poor qualify for food stamp benefits, few receive them. The average food stamp benefit for a family of four is $ 496 per month (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 2010).Of those who qualify for these benefits, two-thirds do not receive them. It is unclear why the working poor do not receive these benefits, but lack of need does not seem to be the reason. Research suggests that the working poor do not know that they qualify for these benefits. In addition, we lfare administrators in some states incorrectly tell applicants, especially men, that they do not qualify for these programs. Finally, often local agencies create added barriers to discourage welfare participation.The City of New York, for example, used to require that applicants return to the welfare office for a second visit in order to apply for food stamps. This requirement was eliminated only recently because of a court order (FamiliesUSA. org 2012). Many working poor families cannot find affordable housing. Almost one in six households are cost-burdened, paying more than 30% of household income on housing expenses. Median level shelter costs, including mortgage payments, real estate taxes, property insurance, rent, nd utilities, account for 20% of the average non-poor household's income. For poor households, the median expenditure can be as high as 60% of household income (Levitan, Mangum ; Mangum, 1998). In addition, poor families may face long waiting lists for available sub sidized housing units, especially in rural areas. However, access is improving as extension educators provide the working poor with information about home ownership and special mortgage programs, and how to access them. Balancing employment and parenting demands is especially challenging for the working poor.They have fewer financial resources, and the types of jobs for which most are eligible provide little independence, authority, and flexibility to respond to conflicting demands (Henly 1999). Child care is an important obstacle. Nationwide, high-quality child care is scarce and expensive. Respondents in one study paid, on average, $70 per week for child care, about 22% of their earned income. In the same study, about one-fifth of respondents reported they had no regular child care provider and had to piece together care for their children at the last minute or leave children home alone or with an older sibling.Thirty percent of respondents reported having left a job because of a child care disruption (Henly, 1999). According to a study conducted by the Urban Institute in 2005, more than two thirds of children ages 5 and under from low income families spend a significant amount of time in child care each week. This is significant because the quality of child care available to low income families is much worse than that available to higher income families, and the quality of the child care affects the child's development. High quality, center-based care is expensive and is simply not an option for many low income families.Instead, they turn to informal, sometimes unregulated child care (Melville, 2012). There are federal programs to improve and fund early childhood education, but these programs do not work with the hectic working schedule of low income parents. Child care subsidies are available in some states, but not available to all low income workers. In other words, low income families often have difficulty accessing support systems that help them balanc e work and family life. As a result, the children of low income families are not given the same opportunities as their middle class counterparts (Melville, 2012).Unfortunately, high-quality care tends to be more expensive, and childcare subsidies in many states pay only the average market rate. Moreover, childcare subsidies cover only a minority of the low-income workforce (Henly, 1999). Parents who choose to enroll their children in high-quality child care often would have to pay the additional costs; a choice many cannot afford to make given other demands on the family income. For many working poor families, these additional costs; make selecting high-quality child care financially impossible (Schulman & Adams, 1998).Extension educators can make sure the working poor know about and take advantage of available subsidies, and tax credits can offset the high costs of child care. Transportation is also a major barrier to financial self-sufficiency for many working poor families. Many of the working poor do not get to work with the ease that most working non-poor enjoy (Lambert, 1998). Even though some communities have identified creative solutions to local transportation needs, transportation remains a problem for many of the working poor. Mass transit, if available, is often sparse, not taking direct routes to most job locations.Outside of heavily populated metropolitan areas, public transportation is largely unavailable. Working poverty does not affect everyone to the same extent, and certain segments of our population are more likely to become members of the working poor. Individuals in this category include workers who are most likely to be allocated to the low-wage jobs that fail to provide full-year employment. Women make up a greater share of the working poor than do men, probably because on average they earn lower wages and work fewer hours.Although women comprise 47% of workers between the ages of 18 and 56, 56% of the working poor are women (FamiliesUS A. org, 2012). Non-citizens of the United States are also disproportionately represented among the working poor. Fifteen percent of such workers live below poverty, and 30% live below 150% of the poverty level. Blacks and Hispanics are especially affected; working poverty affects people of color to a much greater extent than it does white Americans. A surprisingly large number of blacks and Hispanics work below the poverty level.Twelve percent of all blacks who work fall below the poverty level, and 23% fall below 150% of the poverty level. Among working Hispanics, the poverty rates are even higher: 14% live below the poverty level and 29% of Hispanic workers fell below 150% of the poverty level (Shipler, 2004). The working poor face a number of difficulties: low wages, insufficient hours, layoffs, lack of skills along with limited health benefits affect their health and other conditions that may affect their work performance. Thus, prescribing one solution is not likely to solve th e problem of working poverty.The working poor need higher wages and jobs that offer full-year employment, wage supplements such as the Earned Income Tax Credit, and access to services such as health care and child care. Most importantly, we should not assume that we can solve the problems of working poverty without income supports. Because many of the working poor are disabled or suffer from other serious health limitations, some workers may not be able to work more hours or in higher paying jobs and must rely on income supports in order to survive above the poverty level. References Center for American Progress (2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012 from http://www. mericanprogress. org/issues/women/report/2008/10/08/5103/the-straight-facts-on-women-in-poverty/ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2010). Retrieved October 10, 2012 from http://www. cbpp. org/cms/index. cfm? fa=view&id=1269 FamiliesUSA. org. (2012). Retrieved October 10, 2012 from http://www. familiesusa. org/resource s/tools-for-advocates/guides/federal-poverty-guidelines. html Henly, J. (1999). Challenges to finding and keeping jobs in the low-skilled labor market. Poverty Research News, 3(1), 1-5. Levitan, S. , Mangum, G. , & Mangum, S. (1998). Programs in aid of the poor.Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. Melville, J. (2012). Effects of low family income on children. Retrieved 0ctober 10, 2012 from http://www. ehow. com/list_6195251_effects-low-family-income-children. html Problems Facing the Working Poor. (2012). Retrieved September 30, 2012 from http://www. dol. gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/workingpoor/workingpoor_toc. htm Shipler, D. K. (2004). The working poor: Invisible in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Tavernise, S. (2012, October 10). Education gap grows between rich and poor, Studies say New York Times, February 9, 2012, A1.

JEWS HIDING essays

JEWS HIDING essays Why Hiding was so difficult for Jews during WWII When the control of Germany was undertook by Adolph Hitler, the entire world became infected by his Nazi Fascism, especially the European Jews. Through Hitlers beliefs of white skin, blue eyes, light hair being the race of God, Jewish people were oppressed, forced into hard labor, and murdered in concentration camps. Many Jews went into hiding during this time, and it became very difficult for their caretakers to maintain a constant responsibility. The risk involved in helping a Jewish person during World War II became so increasing, that those who were caught were also punished in severe manners. When these Jewish people went into hiding, there was generally a large amount of provisions taken with them, plenty of clothes, food, and cigarettes; however, as the war carried on, these items began to wear away, and diminish. In Nazi Europe food was in short supply, and what was available was generally rotten, cigarettes were non-existent, except on the black market, where they were extremely high priced. Many Jews died of starvation during hiding. The food was only given out in rations, and feeding six with two ration cards became an inside struggle between the Jews in hiding and the Christian who volunteered to assist. Even if the Christian had obtained extra ration cards through the black markets, the delivery of a large amount of goods was difficult due to the constant harassment from the Gestapo (German state police). I you were a family of three, and you had the rations for a family of ten, you were suspicious. The Germans stopped at nothing to find who was assisting in the hiding of a Jewish person. A Jewish person in hiding had to remain quite at all times during the day. They could not go to the bathroom, or run any water, or even talk loudly. If so, they ran the risk of being heard by someone outside and ultimate...

Paper Requirements According to Standard Academic Format

Paper Requirements According to Standard Academic Format Formatting Papers in Accepted Academic Style This useful guide provides tips for formatting documents using MS (Microsoft) Word. These tips were developed in line with accepted standards for formatting an academic paper and in accordance with the manner prescribed in most APA and MLA style guides or rule books. The rules set out here can be applied to the majority of college papers. However, some professors will at times set out their own specific requirements and these may be slightly different from the rules described below. The important thing is to always check your tutor or professors’ requirements. Guide on Formatting Papers When you use accepted formatting standards in an academic paper it shows you understands the customary practices of the academic community. This is, therefore, a great way of boosting your own academic credentials and credibility. By contrast, if you use an unusual, distinctive or non-standard formatting style, it suggests you were not properly tutored by your previous school for college or university-level coursework. Think about the impact non-standard formatting can have. It does not just draw what may prove to be non-positive attention to your work, but your professors might get the impression you are attempting to make a paper look longer. The Margins of Your Documents Standard rule: You should allow a one-inch margin on all sides of the page in any paper you submit for grading or review. You should make this your default setting in MS Word, but if one-and-a-quarter inch margins are required, you will need to alter your default settings. Generally speaking, the requirements when determining page length assume margins of one inch. How to Set Margins: From the ‘Format’ menu, choose ‘Document,’ and then set the margins to your required dimensions. Now click the ‘Default’ option, and accept your changes. Be careful that the gutter is left set at ‘0’ or the formatting in your document will get messed up. Indenting Paragraphs Standard rule: For each new paragraph, it is necessary to automatically indent the first text line. How to set indentation: You should ensure this is the default setting in MS Word. However, if this is not the case, it is recommended you use the instructions above to change whatever style is your ‘normal.’ The following are the instructions for changing the indentation in a document. From the ‘Edit’ menu, click ‘Select All.’ Then from the ‘Format’ menu, go to the ‘Paragraph’ option, Now look for the ‘Indentation’ tab where you will find a drop-down menu labelled ‘Special.’ Choose ‘First Line.’ This will automatically indent the first lines of all new paragraphs, which means you won’t have to keep doing this in manual fashion. Choosing or Setting Font Size and Style Standard rule: Virtually every college paper is expected to be typed in a standard academic format and size font. These fonts are usually 12pt Cambria or Times New Roman. If the paper you submit is in a different font, it may be rejected by your tutor or they may change it when they download it. How to set or change fonts: A 12pt Cambria or Times New Roman font should be the default setting in MS Word. However, if it is not, then the default can be changed as follows: From the ‘Format’ menu, choose the ‘Style’ option. From the styles list, select ‘Normal’ and then click on ‘Modify.’ In the ‘Formatting’ menu, select the required font style and size. Lastly, click on ‘OK’ to make this your default setting. The Alignment of Text Standard rule: In an academic paper, text should be aligned to the left margin and left unjustified. The reason for this is that it is more difficult to read text when it is justified and not typeset in a professional manner. In MS Word, text is left-aligned by default so there is no need to make any changes. Formatting of First Pages First Page Heading Standard rule: The writer should type their name, date, course title, number and section, paper version (e.g. Paper 2 First draft) on separate lines in the top left-hand corner of the first essay or document page. Make sure you modify dates and versions as you keep submitting revised and final paper versions. It is advisable not to use the ‘headers’ option in MS Word’s ‘Header/Footer’ menu for this step. This is because it causes this first heading to show on every subsequent page and this is not common practice when writing academic papers. Additionally, you should not include a title or cover page unless you are specifically asked to do so for a particular assignment. Adding the Title or Name of Your Paper Standard rule: Leave a blank line following your heading and write an original name or title that reflects your paper’s topic. Place this title in the center. Avoid using italics or underling for your heading unless it is a reference to the title of an article, book, etc. Neither should you put the title in all capital letters or use bold typeface. Adding Page Numbering Standard rule: Academic papers should have page numbers. These should appear in the top right-hand corner of every page apart from the first page. Try not to insert page numbers manually. It is best to use the ‘Header/Footer’ feature in MS Word to have them automatically generated. If your paper is being written in the MLA style, add your surname and the number of the page to the top right-hand corner. If you are using the APA style, add a shortened version of the title (in place of your surname) and the number of the page to the top right-hand corner. How to add page numbers: Select the ‘Header and Footer’ option from the ‘View’ menu. You should now see a header dialog box and a footer dialog box at the top and bottom respectively. Click the header option, enter your surname or paper’s title and align it to the right-hand side. Now, from the ‘Insert’ menu, choose ‘Page Numbers.’ Click ‘Close’ when you are done. These steps should cause a page number to be automatically generated in the top right-hand side, even when changes are made. The header and footer option will remain greyed out and will need to be activated when changes are needed. If you do not want page numbers displayed on the first page: From the ‘Format’ menu, go to ‘Document’ and click on the button labelled ‘Layout.’ You should see an option called ‘Different First Page.’ Click this. Now click on ‘OK.’ If needs be, remove the first page header and insert one on the next (second) page. This should now appear automatically on subsequent document pages. Line Spacing Standard rule: Double-space your full paper. This rule includes headings and bibliographies. How to set or change line spacing: Find the ‘Edit’ menu and choose the option ‘Select All.’ From the ‘Format’ menu, go to the ‘Paragraph’ option. Look for ‘Line Spacing’ and select ‘Double.’ Alternatively, any of the following keyboard shortcuts can be used to create double-spacing: Ctrl-A and Ctrl-2 (PC users) or Cmd-A and Cmd-2 (Mac users) to select all and create double-spacing. How Spacing Applies to Paragraphs Standard rule: There should not be any extra spaces between paragraphs. This setting should be the default in MS Word. However, if you have set your system for 10point spaces between paragraphs, this should be changed. How to set paragraph spacing: From the ‘Format’ menu, go to ‘Styles.’ From the styles list, check that ‘Normal’ is chosen. Click the ‘Modify’ option. Find the ‘Format’ drop-down menu in the bottom left-hand corner, and go to ‘Paragraph.’ When the settings menu appears, change the ‘Spacing’ settings to 0point. Creating New Pages To start a new page for, say, a bibliography, follow the instructions below rather than hitting the ‘return’ key lots of times: From the ‘Insert’ menu, go to ‘Break,’ and then to ‘Page Break.’ Block or Blocked Quotes Standard rule: Generally, where a quotation exceeds 4 lines, it should be separated from the rest of the text by indenting and ‘blocking’ it. As applies to all quotations, you should clearly indicate the blocked variety with an introductory sentence. Furthermore, it should be correctly cited but the rules in this case are slightly different. The concept of ‘blocking’ replaces quotation marks and the parenthesized citation, which may be several sentences long, differs from normal in-paragraph citation in that it is placed outside instead of inside the last period in the sentence. How to create a blocked quotation: First, write your quotation in a paragraph of its own without any quotation marks or first line indentation. After the last full-stop (period) of the final sentence, add the source in parentheses. With the cursor, select the quoted matter from its very first word to the last character of the parenthesized citation. From the ‘Paragraph Formatting’ menu, click on the ‘Increase Indent’ option.

Punishment and Modern Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Punishment and Modern Society - Essay Example (David, 1990. pg: 1) Van den Haag in his article "Punishing Criminals" supported the implementation of "death penalty" and the punishments for long time duration e.g. keeping the culprits in "house arrest" or sending them in to "exile" to reduce crime rate. The punishment are never designed or renounced on the bases of "class and race". Many sociologist believe that the crime can only be prevented by increasing the intensity of commitment on conducting it. According to a report published in "Crime and Delinquency" suggests at least "3000 executions" yearly are necessary to make "death penalty" an reliable prevention of crime. This statement is actually the perception of modern "intellectuals" rather than old scholars. the report of the "National Assessment of Juvenile Corrections" suggested the proportion of prisoners in US jails have greatly amounted during end of 20th century; 500.000 people were "imprisoned" both in "adult jails and Detention centers". (Tony and Paul, pg: 2-3) Today, the United States is following a policy of strengthening harsh and strict punishments by implementing big punishments in its states, increasing the duration of "imprisonment" form many crimes, by legalizing many compulsory "sentences". (Tony and Paul, pg: 20) Ruche and Kirchheimmer in on of their study on punishment stated "the transformation in penal systems cannot be explained only from changing needs of the war against crime, although this struggle does play a part. Every system of production tends to discover punishments which correspond to its productive relationships." In other wards one can say that these two people actually meant "modern" punishments to be a crucial tool for the preparation of employees- personal- in the "capitalist" world. Under dictatorship punishment are marked to be more evil: death sentences and life long punishments are increasingly adjudicated as compare to simple punishments. (Kevin and Robert, 2001, pg: 159-162) "The judge is subjected to strong pressure from above to intensify punishments on the grounds that the authority of the state must be defended.... Increasing severity of punishment is in the first instance a change in criminal policy conditioned by economic crisis." (Jeffrey and Alvin, 2000, Pg: 19-26) The "penal policy" of the dictators of Germany excluded the probability of taking social intervention in the adjudication of punishments. Today most of the" criminologists" blame the working class and the middle class for any kind of crises or recession. There fore the development and implementation of new penal policies is greatly necessary, so that the crises can be resolved in a better term. (Jeffrey and Alvin, 2000, Pg: 19-26) Durkheim's in 1964 did a functional "analysis" of punishment. Marxist did a materialistic analysis of the "nature and functions" of punishment. He believed study of punishment to be evidence based, detailed and "theoretically flat" in application. Punishment has undergone many "social, political and cultural" changes since the "sociological turn" of twentieth century. There are two approaches toward the penology. (Sarah and Lesley, 2006, pg: 20-21) 1. study of punishment is based upon the "structural factors" on the basis of which governments form their

The Negative Prospects of the Technological Advancements Essay

The Negative Prospects of the Technological Advancements - Essay Example The robotics will have their own mind, make their own judgments and thus eradicate the human race. From this title, it can easily be predicted that there is no future for the human race. Bill Joy debates the negative prospects of the technological advancements in nanotechnology, genetics development and the use of robots. The computers processing speeds exponentially growing in recent years and the development of novel inventions will supersede the speed of growth. The gigantic computing power might make the intellectual fictitious robot possible. Human beings and the robots will merge in an attempt to complete the industrial tasks. These changes might even lead to human replacements in these industrial tasks. These hazards also occur in nanotechnology and genetics scopes of life. The establishment of nanotechnology made possible development of electronics of molecular nanoscale. This technology will grow greatly in the subsequent two decades. Joy said that it is by far easy to make negative applications for nanotechnology as opposed to the more functional ones. He further articulated that, if we do not put the ethical issues of nanotechnology in mind, there is a high danger of destroying the earth’s biosphere that we all depend for survival. The development of genetic technology presently brought us numerous ethical issues. Bill Joy supposed that the general community is conscious of, and nervous about, genetically customized groceries, and appears to be declining the concept that such edibles should be allowed to be unlabeled. Bill’s apprehension was that genetic technology might give the authority to bad personality and aid them to perform disparaging act with an example being the White Plague. The price of employing GNR technologies to perform negative acts is being less than the NBC period is what Bill worries. While creating weaponry of mass destruction with NBC technology requires rare novel unprocessed materials and largely protected data with large-scale actions, the GNR technologies are abused easily. According to him, they will not need vast facilities or novel unprocessed materials but the knowledge is what will enhance their usage. This is knowledge provokes the human thought. Undeniably, the advancement of GNR technologies will alter our existence to a large degree. The development of genetic technology will treat today’s incurable diseases Nanotechnology will provide enormous industrial materials to be used in production of electronics. Humans will be freed from their places of work with the deployment of robotics to substitute human labor. This is a remarkable negative effect because human labor will be brought to extinction. Human labor is what most people depend on to make or earn their living as it provides employment. Some of Bills debates are not on point because there is uncertainty whether the expectations of the future are pessimistic without the power to manipulate the development of GNR techn ologies. I do not suppose that there is abuse of GNR technologies just by being knowledge about it. A number of Bill Joy’s justifications of disagreement are sufficient. In addition, I doubt whether the future is that pessimistic if we do not manage the development of GNR technologies. Just as we require tools to develop mass destructive arsenal with NBC machinery, we also require equivalent tools for application of GNR awareness. High precision machinery is required to implement genetic and nano-technological advancements. I am in doubt of the future being so pessimistic with no ethics care in such fields. Bill Joy depicts that people may combine with robots hence development of new Borg similar species. We ask ourselves if this is the destiny of human evolution (Winston & Edelbach, 156).