Causes and Spread of Infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay 1) Infections are the result of the body’s inability to fight off microorganisms that can cause damage or disease if they are left untreated. They can be viral or bacterial in nature and might be caused by a fungus or parasite. There are many common types and there are some rare ones which all have varying causes and treatments. Common bacterial infections include strep throat, urinary tract infections and E. coli; the different types are caused by many different types of bacteria. Infections are caused by micro-organisms which are known as pathogens, there are three sources of pathogens; †¢Within a person’s body- called endogenous †¢From other people through touching, coughs or sneezes called exogenous †¢From contaminated equipment or elements such as dust or water known as environmental. Viral infections are different than bacterial because they are caused by viruses which are smaller than a bacterium or fungus. When a virus infects healthy cells it prevents the cells from doing their job and causes sickness. Viruses infect a specific type of cell which causes viral infections to affect certain parts of the body. A cold is the most common type and generally affects the upper respiratory tract. Influenza is another common infection but symptoms can affect the entire body. Outcome 1 1)Bacteria are very small singular organisms which can be found almost everywhere; they are the smallest living cells typically only a few micrometres in length. A number of bacteria can cause disease, these are called pathogenic bacteria. Not all bacteria is bad, we need bacteria to stay alive. Viruses- it is a coated genetic material that invades cells and uses the cells apparatus for reproduction, this is why it is important to wash hands frequently. Fungi is a multi-celled living organism, it is a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds. Parasites are types of living animals and plants that derive benefit from metabolism of other animals and plants. Viruses aren’t living; they are made of complex proteins and nucleic acids. Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites are living organisms. 2) There are common illnesses and infections which are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria can cause food poisoning, ear infections, bronchitis, chest infections and tonsillitis. Viruses can cause common colds, flu attacks, sickness and diarrhoea and warts. Fungi can cause ring worm, yeast infections and athletes foot. Parasites can cause worms, malaria and sleeping sickness. 3) Infection in general terms in an invasion to the body tissues from a disease caused microorganism, it’s the illness caused by the growth of a germ on or in a person. The infection might not give any symptoms this is known as ‘asymptomatic’ infection. When the germ is found on our body without causing any illness it is known as colonisation. Colonisation is multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage. 4)   A localised infection is an infection that is limited to a specific body part or region this could be infections such as cellulitis of the skin or a bladder infection. A systemic infection is the opposite, the infection is distributed throughout the whole body this could be illnesses such as a cold or the flu. 5) There are poor practices which may lead to the spread of infection, this could be not washing hands frequently, not wearing personal protective clothing, wearing jewellery, not tying back long hair, not covering your mouth and nose if you sneeze or cough. Wearing inappropriate clothing and footwear can also lead to the spread of infection. 6)   There are certain conditions which are needed for the growth of micro-organisms. Micro-organisms need food to survive, they like high protein food such as dairy products, raw eggs and uncooked fish. Microorganisms need moisture and warmth; they grow best at 20-40c. Air is needed for micro-organisms to multiply although some can do without. 2) Infections are caused by microorganisms known as pathogens, there are three sources of pathogens; 1)Within a person’s body called endogenous (For example, some microorganisms from the stomach can cause infections in other parts of the body) 2)From other people through touching, coughs or sneezes called exogenous 3)From contaminated equipment or elements such as dust or water- known as environmental. They could go down the respiratory tract into the lungs, coughs, colds and other common airborne infections are contracted in this fashion. Anything that penetrates the skin, or for that matter the mucous membrane that lines the mouth or nose provides a route for infection to enter; this could be bites, scratches, puncture wounds by needles etc. They could also enter down the digestive tract, food, drink or other infected products can be swallowed and infect the stomach or bowels which reveals itself in the form of diarrhoea and or vomiting. An infective agent might also enter up the urinary and reproductive systems; the infectious agent may remain localized or may enter the blood stream. Sexually transmitted diseases most commonly infect the genitals; these can be transmitted in saliva, seminal fluid or blood. 3) The sources of infection are numerous, for each type of infection a specific source becomes more significant than others in the delivery of the infectious agent to the host. The sources of infection can be divided into two main groups, these are exogenous and endogenous sources. A source of infection is endogenous when the infectious agent comes from the persons own body. Exogenous sources of infection introduce organisms from anywhere outside to the inside of the body, this is the case the majority of the time. Infections can come from unwashed hands, ppe not being worn, unclean equipment being used generally if poor hygiene is used. 4) There are various ways that infective agents can be transmitted to a person, it is usually the transmission of microorganisms directly from one person to another by droplet contact. Droplet contact is either sneezing or coughing on or near another person without using a tissue or hand to try and shield it. Infective agents can be transmitted to another person by direct physical contact, touching an infected person could lead to this. Indirect physical contact could also cause infective agents to be transmitted to another person, usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface. Airborne transmission is very common; if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods of time it can lead to infective agents being transmitted. Faecal-oral transmission usually from contaminated food or water sources also transmits infective agents to others. 5) There are key factors that make it more likely that infection will occur, if a person does not practice a safe and hygienic way of working this could make it more likely that infection will occur and then spread. Using person protective equipment is vital when providing care for vulnerable people whose immune system will not be as strong as a younger person. If ppe is not worn correctly it exposes people to all sorts of infections which could have disastrous consequences. Wearing the incorrect uniform and footwear could also increase the risk of infection; not washing hands frequently is a very common form of how infection occurs. If someone who has a virus goes into close proximity to another it will make it more likely that infection will occur. Dirty or contaminated areas in which bacteria can grow also increases the chance of infection occurring. If standard precautions are not met it increases the risk of infection occurring a lot.

Tibetan Women Under Chinese Occupation :: Asian History China Research Papers

Tibetan Women Under Chinese Occupation Prior to the Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1959, Tibetan women were treated with the utmost respect. They served as equals to men, nothing less and in some instances even more. However, since the Chinese have occupied Tibet the status of Tibetan women in the country has changed. Women’s basic human rights are violated every day under the Chinese, rights such as reproduction and education. They face violence and coercion and must live their lives in an entirely new way. Women in Tibet prior to the Chinese takeover had a very high social status. They played very active roles in the family as well as in society as a whole. Women were warriors, princesses, leaders, mothers, traders, and business women. There was no sense of a woman being inferior to men in society nor was there a need for women to be limited in what they were supposed to do. Tibetans practiced an egalitarian way of living. Polyandry was an acceptable practice as was divorce and remarriage (especially by widows). It is made clear, however, that the practice of polyandry was restricted. The woman would marry her husband and all of his younger brothers were included as shared husbands. Women were not subjected to pay a dowry; in fact it was quite the opposite. â€Å"Apart from rich widows or women whom the generosity of their lovers has provided with enviable possessions, no Tibetan woman need fear that she is being asked in marriage for the sake of her money; for, instead of receiving a dowry, the fiancà © has to pay a sum, termed nu rin, as suitable compensation for the trouble and money her parents have expended in bringing up their child, who is now going to be taken from them to profit of another family.† (David-Neel, 178) Marriage seemed to be a place where women gained some ground. They and their families played a large role in the marriage process and had the dominating hand. In most cases the parents have the final say in who their daughter marries, but a woman has the option of divorce though it is not easy.

Cough And Airways Inflammation Biomarkers Health And Social Care Essay

The term â€Å" pneumonic diseases † refers to many upsets impacting chiefly the lungs. The chief pneumonic upsets are: asthma, chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, infective lung diseases like grippe, pneumonia and TB, lung malignant neoplastic disease and sleep apnoea. Chronic Cough A cough that persists more than 3 hebdomads might be chronic and if did non decide it will be a common job. For many people a chronic cough can be more than an irritation. Sing that a chronic cough could last hebdomads or even months it can be physically wash uping, can worry and rag friends, household, work co-workers. Beside the societal facet it can besides destroy a individual ‘s slumber, taking to daytime drowsiness and impaired public presentation. It may look as a comparatively minor status, but it may hold major reverberations. From a pathological point of position cough consequences from two mechanisms: 1. Stimulation of centripetal nervousnesss in the respiratory epithelial tissue by secernments, fume, foreign organic structures and tumors. 2. Sensitization of the cough physiological reaction in which there is an addition in the sensitiveness of the cough receptors, incontrovertible by inspiration of the tussive agent ‘s capsaicin, citric acid or low chloride solutions. Chronic cough is presented clinically as a titillating esthesis in the pharynx with fits of coughing induced by alterations in the temperature of the air, aromas, sprays and coffin nail fume. The most common causes for chronic cough in a non-smoker with a normal thorax X ray are viral infections, oesophageal reflux, station nasal trickle, asthma, idiopathic cough and angiotonin change overing enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors. Less common causes include: upsets of the pericardium, congestive bosom failure, upsets of the upper air passages, interstitial lung disease, chronic pneumonic infections ( e.g. , TB ) , cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, and even upsets with psychogenetic beginning. Postnasal Drip Syndrome is the most common cause of chronic cough. It is characterised by frequent nasal discharge, esthesis of drainage in the dorsum of the pharynx and cough due to throat glade. On physical scrutiny can be noticed a unsmooth visual aspect of the dorsum of the pharynx. Sinus x-rays or sinus CT ( computed imaging ) scan may demo grounds of sinusitis. Causes of postnasal trickle include sinusitis, allergic coryza, and vasomotor coryza. It is normally treated with decongestants and antihistamines, with or without rhinal steroid sprays, a vasoconstrictive such as oxymetalazone, plus antibiotics for the sinusitis. Chronic cough due to postnasal trickle may take a few hebdomads to a twosome of months to decide or even longer. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ( GERD ) is another common cause of chronic cough. The diagnosing may be obtained from the medical history patients frequently kicking of frequent pyrosis or rancid gustatory sensation in the oral cavity. Nevertheless a great proportion of patients present with GERD do non show with the authoritative symptoms and their lone symptom is the cough. If the pH in the gorge falls below a certain degree, acid is refluxing from the tummy, so the pH in the gorge has to be measured utilizing a 24 hr oesophageal investigation. If this is non performed another diagnostic trial is the therapy directed at reflux and if the cough resolves this is a verification of the diagnosing. The intervention for GERD is simple including a few simple instructions: lift of the caput of the bed ; non eating or imbibing 2 to 3 hours before bedtime ; and avoiding certain nutrients ( fatty nutrients, cocoa, intoxicant, orange juice, and caffeine ) every bit good as cut downing acerb p roduction in the tummy utilizing proton pump inhibitors. Variant asthma is symptomless except for the cough, being really hard to name as the physical scrutiny and the pneumonic map trials can be normal. Initiation of coughing can be due to smoke, aromas, cold air, exercising or beta-blockers. Confirmation of the diagnosing of cough-variant asthma may include a eupneic trial called a Mecholyl bronchial challenge trial. ACE Inhibitors can stand for another cause of chronic cough and the diagnosing can be made extinguishing the usage of the drug for a few yearss up to 4 hebdomads, every bit good as reappearance of cough when the drug is used once more. Aim The aim of this undertaking is to happen a correlativity between lung map trials and entire cough rate utilizing a patented aim and subjective showing trials. Purposes – To analyze the association between cough and the degree of lung inflammatory marker Nitric Oxide ( NO ) in patients with chronic cough. – The correlativity between lung map trials and entire cough rate utilizing a patented nonsubjective testing trial ( cough entering system ) . Hypothesis Harmonizing to the scientific literature exhaled Nitric oxide with a value over 25 ppb is an index of possibility of developing asthma and harmonizing to. Zeidler on â€Å" Exhaled Nitric Oxide in the appraisal of asthma † published on Medscape in 2002, the eNO can be used as a tool in naming topics suspected of holding asthma. Furthermore a survey conducted by Aaron Deykin and his co-workers â€Å" Exhaled azotic oxide as a diagnostic trial for asthma † , published in 2002, stated that fractional exhaled azotic oxide ( FeNO ) is characteristically elevated in patients enduring from asthma. Ethical motives All participant patients will be asked to subscribe a consent signifier and letters shall be sent to their Gps and other doctors involved in an ongoing patient attention. An ethical blessing will be obtained from the local research moralss commission. Health and safety Risk appraisal for this undertaking will be done in conformity with COSHH ( Control of Substances Hazardous to Health ) Regulations and hospital ain regulations. Methodology- Subjects Recruitment: 100 healthy non-smoking topics without a history of important chronic respiratory disease will be recruited from the third referral cough clinic held at Leighton Hospital, where they will be approached and the undertaking will be explained. The subjects` inclusion standards are: – Over 18 old ages old, – Chronic dry cough for more than 8 hebdomads continuance – Convention CXR – Convention lung map The topics ‘ exclusion standards are: – Upper berth respiratory tract infection within the last 4 hebdomads – Current tobacco users – Pregnancy -Opiate medicine / ACE inhibitor usage – Diabetes Mellitus On the twenty-four hours of the trial patients will be advised non to take caffeine or any bronchodilators. Trial order and survey Design These physiological trials are performed in order of non-invasiveness, get downing with the simplest one, for non impacting the undermentioned trials. Time graduated table: Undertaking continuance is 1 twelvemonth: -The foremost trial to be conducted on the campaigners is the Exhaled Nitric Oxide ( eNO ) : 3 halituss per patient should be recorded. With each measuring the patient is asked to expire for 10sec. The measuring range is to obtain an mean FENO value- fixed flow rate during exhaled azotic oxide- which is indicated in parts per billion. -The other trial to be performed on the topics is the mechanization cough recording. The Manchester cough journal ( MCD ) is an ambulatory digital cough entering device to enter entire cough during 24 hours, by lodging 2 detector mikes to the topic thorax. Then we manually count and analyse the coughs in a particular computing machine programme called Cool edit 2000. Statistical analysis All the collected informations will be analysed by Spearman ‘s correlativity trial utilizing ( SPSS ) Version 15.0 and Minitab 15 statistical solution soft were to verify the variables. Parametric and nonparametric informations are traveling to be presented as average and inter quartile scope ( IQR ) and P value less than 0.05will be considered important. The statistical informations will be analysed and plotted into a graph as entire cough rate against eNO values. Other two graphs are plotted as the frequence of the entire cough rate against the twenty-four hours cough rate ( cr twenty-four hours ) and the dark cough ( cr dark ) .

Strategic Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1806 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? STRATEGIC ANALYSIS 2.0- External Analysis- Scanning Competitive Environment Conducting an external analysis to scan the company competitive environment which focused on predicting the dynamics of competitors actions, responses and intention, can help a business in understanding the dynamics of its industries and markets in order to compete effectively with its rivals in the marketplace. 2.1-Porter 5 Forces Model Porters 5 forces analysis which deals with microenvironment and related to the competitiveness of an industry has been conducted to find out five featured competitiveness of an industry. The factors that are considered in this model are given below according to the analysis of The Campbell Soup food processing industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategic Analysis" essay for you Create order 2.1.1-Rivalry among existing soup sellers in the market The rivalry among competing sellers in the food processing industry was high because there were so many food processors competing to be #1. These companies were all competing on price, quality, taste, health factors, product innovation, and product benefits. Campbells major rivals are General Millis Progresso, Heinz and Kraft Foods. As a multinational food processing company, Campbells faces an extremely competitive market in internationally, nationally and locally due to the similarities between each soup producer and wider selection of products provided by other food processing company. On the other hand, various types of generic soup brands in the existing market which offer products in lower price have raised the competitive pressure. However, the Campbells high quality of soup products and the ability to keep low production costs weaken the rivalry of the generic soup brands. For example, Campbells price their soup products only 20 to 25% higher than generic brands while maintaining a level high quality. Campbells would have to continue developing new products to distinguish itself from Progresso and smaller soup maker companies. 2.1.2 Threat of New Entrants New entrants to a food processing industry typically bring to it new capacity and a desire to gain market share and the threat of entry depends on the presence of entry barriers and the reaction that can be expected from existing competitors. The majority of the companies in the food processing industry are large, profitable, money making companies that are well known and had taken up shelf space in supermarkets. For examples, Campbells major rival- Kraft foods and General Mills, create high entry barriers in food processing industry through their high levels of advertising and promotion. The intense competition in the food processing industry makes it hard to access in the market. Smaller food processing companies often have difficulty obtaining supermarket shelf space for their products as large retailers charge for space on their shelves and give priority to the established companies who can pay for the advertising needed to generate high customer demand. In this case, the economy is a major factor as if the company wants to be a part in this food processing industry it must be able to face high costs for strong competition. Besides, the slow market growth rate for the food processing industry causes acquisition between companies, resulted the barriers to entry are high with so many food processing companies and little to zero capacity remaining for any more companies Legal issue is also an important factor in the international food processing industry. Many countries follow strong restriction in marketing the product as well as best way for safety stock and inventories. 2.1.3-The Threat of Substitutes Products The rivalry from firms in other industries offering substitute products is intense as there are many firms of other industries producing, supplying and serving the same food products that the food processing companies are. For example, Dunkin Donuts is in the foodservice industry and Campbell Soup Co. is in the food processing industry, yet Dunkin Donuts serves soup and Campbell Soup sells soup. Consumers can still go to Dunkin Donuts and get the very same soups that Campbell sells. 2.1.4- Bargaining power of buyers Buyers affect the food processing industry through their ability to force down prices, bargain for higher products quality and services, and play competitors against each other. The bargaining power of buyers is high as there are huge tendency of new entrance with new and variety of products. Besides, buyers prefer choosing products which offer lower prices. For example, Campbells soup products price is relatively 20 to 25% higher than generic brands in grocery stores, hence some consumers would choose generic brand products in the market rather than Campbells. Buyers determine the profitability of the industry. Food processing companies would be forced to lower prices if buyers felt that the prices were too expensive and stopped buying their products and switch to supplements easily. 2.1.5- Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers can affect the food processing industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods and services. In case quality products the suppliers face an important factor. Due to the inflation the overall price of materials has been significantly increased. So for Campbells, there is also a cost exists to get the reliable customer. There is a tendency the world now a day makes a backward integration and wants to minimize the cost of suppliers. 2.2.0- Swot analysis A swot analysis allows the Campbell Soup Company to determine the extent of the strategic fit between its capabilities and the needs of its external environment. Therefore, the company can seek to match its strengths and weaknesses to the opportunities and treats it faces in current competitive food processing industry. The Campbells products portfolio includes soups, sauces, biscuits and chocolates and has a strong research function with high capabilities in new products development. 2.2.1-Internal Analysis Strengths Innovative Campbell has always applied the spirit of innovation in every aspect of its business. At Campbells manufacturing plants in Napoleon, Ohio, and Paris, Texas, an innovative method called overland flow is used to treat wastewater. In terms of products introduction, the company has been consistently quick to come up with new products in the market. For example, the first portable soup product, Soup at Hand, the new microwaveable products such as Chunky and Select. Besides, Campbell frequent updates the products appearance with more contemporary design and new photography. Its popular gravity fed shelving system have been installed at 24,000 retailers nationally and credited for rejuvenating the soup aisle, expanding the category and vastly improving the shopping experience. Campbell is innovative to gauge consumer satisfaction and expectation. 2.2.2-Weaknesses Declining Market Share The Campbells market share in soup drop from 60% in 2007 to 49% as of October 2009. This is due to more and more private labels continue to enter the market by providing quality products in lower price. Some consumers have switched to try private labels and resulted private labels have gained 11%of the market share. On the other hand, Campbell has also faced stiff competition from brands such as General Mills Progresso and Nestle. 2.2.3-External Analysis-Opportunities Demand for Wellness Products In recent years, the trend towards being more health-conscious has arisen from two main consumer groups. The younger generations currently focus more on low calorie content and on the go meals. For the more mature age group, their diets require health-consciousness in terms of limiting their sodium intake due to increased risk of ailments. Campbells Soups core product categories, notably soup and bakery products, are widely perceived as healthy and are compatible with the further development of health-oriented products, such as the existing and expanding line of Select Harvest and Healthy Request soups. In conjunction with the product improvement, Campbell has announced to expand its industry-leading sodium reduction program and to reduce the sodium content in 23 of its condensed soups by up to 45 percent in fiscal 2011. 2.2.4-Threats Intense Competition Campbells main profitable core soup category has been facing intense competition and also been losing market share to its strong competitors, particularly General Mills Progresso and private label brands produced by companies such as Wal-Mart. Moreover, Campbells other segments have not produced consistent profits. Shifting consumer habits and preferences indicate the need to constantly innovate their products and minimize costs, in order to retain loyal consumers and keep up with the fast-changing consumer environment. In addition, promotional and advertisement spending have been increased to outwit its rivals. Extensive Laws The company is governed by a multitude of local and international laws and regulations with regards to food safety and environmental standards. For instance, in accordance with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Campbells food products must be inspected before they can be marketed. The company faces the risk of fines, injunctions, recalls or asset seizures, and criminal sanctions if it violates these laws and regulations. 2.3- Benchmarking The Campbells understands the importance of using benchmarking to evaluate performance. Hence, the company analyzed few top companies which mainly involved in food and beverage processing manufacturing company in a few aspects such as sustainability, supply chain, consumers, community and workplace. Campbells focus of the analysis was on looking for specific targets and goals that the companies are setting for them as any metrics they are disclosing to track their progress. Moreover, Campbells have also highlighted the primary ways that companies are implementing their goals as well as select initiatives and key past achievements. In terms of community, the Campbells have chosen to focus on nutritional and environmental programs by partnering with nonprofit organizations, universities and Think Tanks to conduct RD for new products. Besides, it also partnered with environmental experts to develop innovative solutions to protect the environment. For instance, Nestle has been launching malnutrition and obesity programs targeting children and adolescents of lower-income families while General Mills has been contributing 5% of pretax profits to charitable causes. The Campbells benchmarked the best practices by promoting nutritional and hunger elimination programs. Besides, Campbells also promote micronutrient products to attend lower income families and develop environmental initiatives. In terms of workplace related programs, Nestle, Coca Cola, Pepsi.co, General Mills, have done excellent job. For instance, Pepsi CO has been providing job opportunities for people with disabilities while the Heinz Company helps employees to improve diets, increase physical activity, quit cigarette smoking, and limit alcohol consumption. As for General Mills, the company has reduced lost-time injury rate by 25% over five years. Hence, The Campbells benchmarked and developed workplace programs by focusing four key areas: Ensuring diversity of the workforce thereby bringing a broad range of talents and perspectives to the business Helping employees achieve both personal and professional development Ensuring the health and safety of employees both at home and at work Ensuring that employees have a fair work environment Campbells has increased workplace diversity through increasing the number of women and minorities in management and developed Employee Right Policies to ensure employees health and rights are guaranteed. Besides, Campbells strived for an injury-free workplace through a strong health and safety program supported by high employee engagement. They train their employees to conduct their activities in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. (Campbells_CSR08)